| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2011 S2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2011-10-26T08:20:46.965120Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2021-04-15T23:31:56Z |
| Obs used |
343 |
| NEO |
Yes |
| M1 |
15.600 |
| K1 |
4.500 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2011-10-23.0000000 |
| e |
0.93161485 |
| q (au) |
1.115120 |
| a (au) |
16.306469 |
| i (deg) |
17.572538 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
288.070325 |
| ω (w, deg) |
192.189985 |
| M (ma, deg) |
359.949891 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (15.975 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
15.975 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.701 |
| k |
0.800 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-07-29 00:00 |
19:18:52.13 |
-21:54:38.2 |
HIP 94919 |
11.59 |
| 2026-07-29 12:00 |
19:18:47.49 |
-21:54:45.7 |
HIP 94919 |
11.57 |
| 2026-07-30 00:00 |
19:18:42.86 |
-21:54:53.2 |
HIP 94919 |
11.64 |
| 2026-07-30 12:00 |
19:18:38.24 |
-21:55:00.7 |
HIP 94919 |
11.81 |
| 2026-07-31 00:00 |
19:18:33.65 |
-21:55:08.1 |
HIP 94919 |
12.07 |
| 2026-07-31 12:00 |
19:18:29.06 |
-21:55:15.5 |
HIP 94919 |
12.42 |
| 2026-08-01 00:00 |
19:18:24.50 |
-21:55:22.9 |
HIP 94919 |
12.85 |
| 2026-08-01 12:00 |
19:18:19.95 |
-21:55:30.2 |
HIP 94919 |
13.35 |
| 2026-08-02 00:00 |
19:18:15.41 |
-21:55:37.5 |
HIP 94919 |
13.91 |
| 2026-08-02 12:00 |
19:18:10.90 |
-21:55:44.7 |
HIP 94919 |
14.52 |
| 2026-08-03 00:00 |
19:18:06.40 |
-21:55:52.0 |
HIP 94919 |
15.18 |
| 2026-08-03 12:00 |
19:18:01.92 |
-21:55:59.1 |
HIP 94919 |
15.88 |
| 2026-08-04 00:00 |
19:17:57.46 |
-21:56:06.3 |
HIP 94784 |
15.21 |
| 2026-08-04 12:00 |
19:17:53.01 |
-21:56:13.4 |
HIP 94784 |
14.59 |
| 2026-08-05 00:00 |
19:17:48.59 |
-21:56:20.4 |
HIP 94784 |
14.01 |
| 2026-08-05 12:00 |
19:17:44.19 |
-21:56:27.4 |
HIP 94784 |
13.49 |
| 2026-08-06 00:00 |
19:17:39.80 |
-21:56:34.4 |
HIP 94784 |
13.03 |
| 2026-08-06 12:00 |
19:17:35.44 |
-21:56:41.4 |
HIP 94784 |
12.65 |
| 2026-08-07 00:00 |
19:17:31.09 |
-21:56:48.3 |
HIP 94784 |
12.33 |
| 2026-08-07 12:00 |
19:17:26.77 |
-21:56:55.1 |
HIP 94784 |
12.09 |
| 2026-08-08 00:00 |
19:17:22.46 |
-21:57:01.9 |
HIP 94784 |
11.94 |
| 2026-08-08 12:00 |
19:17:18.18 |
-21:57:08.7 |
HIP 94784 |
11.86 |
| 2026-08-09 00:00 |
19:17:13.93 |
-21:57:15.4 |
HIP 94784 |
11.88 |
| 2026-08-09 12:00 |
19:17:09.69 |
-21:57:22.1 |
HIP 94784 |
11.97 |
| 2026-08-10 00:00 |
19:17:05.48 |
-21:57:28.7 |
HIP 94784 |
12.14 |
| 2026-08-10 12:00 |
19:17:01.29 |
-21:57:35.3 |
HIP 94784 |
12.39 |
| 2026-08-11 00:00 |
19:16:57.12 |
-21:57:41.8 |
HIP 94784 |
12.70 |
| 2026-08-11 12:00 |
19:16:52.98 |
-21:57:48.3 |
HIP 94784 |
13.08 |
| 2026-08-12 00:00 |
19:16:48.86 |
-21:57:54.8 |
HIP 94784 |
13.51 |
| 2026-08-12 12:00 |
19:16:44.76 |
-21:58:01.2 |
HIP 94784 |
14.00 |
| 2026-08-13 00:00 |
19:16:40.69 |
-21:58:07.5 |
HIP 94784 |
14.52 |
| 2026-08-13 12:00 |
19:16:36.65 |
-21:58:13.8 |
HIP 94784 |
15.09 |
| 2026-08-14 00:00 |
19:16:32.63 |
-21:58:20.1 |
HIP 94784 |
15.68 |
| 2026-08-14 12:00 |
19:16:28.64 |
-21:58:26.3 |
HIP 94784 |
16.31 |
| 2026-08-15 00:00 |
19:16:24.67 |
-21:58:32.4 |
HIP 94784 |
16.95 |
| 2026-08-15 12:00 |
19:16:20.74 |
-21:58:38.5 |
HIP 94784 |
17.62 |
| 2026-08-16 00:00 |
19:16:16.82 |
-21:58:44.6 |
HIP 94784 |
18.31 |
| 2026-08-16 12:00 |
19:16:12.94 |
-21:58:50.5 |
HIP 94784 |
19.01 |
| 2026-08-17 00:00 |
19:16:09.08 |
-21:58:56.5 |
HIP 94784 |
19.72 |
| 2026-08-17 12:00 |
19:16:05.26 |
-21:59:02.4 |
HIP 94784 |
20.44 |
| 2026-08-18 00:00 |
19:16:01.46 |
-21:59:08.2 |
HIP 94784 |
21.16 |
| 2026-08-18 12:00 |
19:15:57.68 |
-21:59:14.0 |
HIP 94784 |
21.90 |
| 2026-08-19 00:00 |
19:15:53.94 |
-21:59:19.7 |
HIP 94784 |
22.64 |