| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 Q4 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2018-01-28T02:33:30.335040Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2023-05-30T09:33:32Z |
| Obs used |
80 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
12.100 |
| K1 |
4.500 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2017-02-13.0000000 |
| e |
0.57828825 |
| q (au) |
7.084079 |
| a (au) |
16.798390 |
| i (deg) |
7.256882 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
271.330245 |
| ω (w, deg) |
99.469482 |
| M (ma, deg) |
355.002410 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (11.384 + 2.042\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
11.384 |
| n |
2.042 |
| gf |
0.811 |
| gb |
-0.979 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
1.534 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-09-20 00:00 |
08:37:13.28 |
+14:33:18.0 |
HIP 42331 |
10.11 |
| 2026-09-20 12:00 |
08:37:19.73 |
+14:32:44.7 |
HIP 42331 |
8.48 |
| 2026-09-21 00:00 |
08:37:26.13 |
+14:32:11.4 |
HIP 42331 |
6.88 |
| 2026-09-21 12:00 |
08:37:32.49 |
+14:31:38.3 |
HIP 42331 |
5.31 |
| 2026-09-22 00:00 |
08:37:38.79 |
+14:31:05.3 |
HIP 42331 |
3.80 |
| 2026-09-22 12:00 |
08:37:45.05 |
+14:30:32.4 |
HIP 42331 |
2.45 |
| 2026-09-23 00:00 |
08:37:51.26 |
+14:29:59.6 |
HIP 42331 |
1.66 |
| 2026-09-23 12:00 |
08:37:57.43 |
+14:29:27.0 |
HIP 42331 |
2.14 |
| 2026-09-24 00:00 |
08:38:03.54 |
+14:28:54.5 |
HIP 42331 |
3.37 |
| 2026-09-24 12:00 |
08:38:09.60 |
+14:28:22.1 |
HIP 42331 |
4.80 |
| 2026-09-25 00:00 |
08:38:15.62 |
+14:27:49.8 |
HIP 42331 |
6.28 |
| 2026-09-25 12:00 |
08:38:21.59 |
+14:27:17.7 |
HIP 42331 |
7.78 |
| 2026-09-26 00:00 |
08:38:27.50 |
+14:26:45.7 |
HIP 42331 |
9.27 |
| 2026-09-26 12:00 |
08:38:33.37 |
+14:26:13.8 |
HIP 42331 |
10.77 |
| 2026-09-27 00:00 |
08:38:39.19 |
+14:25:42.1 |
HIP 42331 |
12.26 |
| 2026-09-27 12:00 |
08:38:44.95 |
+14:25:10.5 |
HIP 42331 |
13.74 |
| 2026-09-28 00:00 |
08:38:50.67 |
+14:24:39.0 |
HIP 42331 |
15.20 |
| 2026-09-28 12:00 |
08:38:56.33 |
+14:24:07.7 |
HIP 42331 |
16.66 |
| 2026-09-29 00:00 |
08:39:01.94 |
+14:23:36.5 |
HIP 42331 |
18.11 |
| 2026-09-29 12:00 |
08:39:07.50 |
+14:23:05.5 |
HIP 42331 |
19.54 |
| 2026-09-30 00:00 |
08:39:13.00 |
+14:22:34.6 |
HIP 42566 |
20.22 |
| 2026-09-30 12:00 |
08:39:18.46 |
+14:22:03.8 |
HIP 42566 |
18.91 |
| 2026-10-01 00:00 |
08:39:23.86 |
+14:21:33.2 |
HIP 42566 |
17.63 |
| 2026-10-01 12:00 |
08:39:29.21 |
+14:21:02.8 |
HIP 42566 |
16.39 |
| 2026-10-02 00:00 |
08:39:34.50 |
+14:20:32.5 |
HIP 42566 |
15.18 |
| 2026-10-02 12:00 |
08:39:39.74 |
+14:20:02.4 |
HIP 42566 |
14.01 |
| 2026-10-03 00:00 |
08:39:44.93 |
+14:19:32.4 |
HIP 42566 |
12.89 |
| 2026-10-03 12:00 |
08:39:50.06 |
+14:19:02.6 |
HIP 42566 |
11.84 |
| 2026-10-04 00:00 |
08:39:55.13 |
+14:18:32.9 |
HIP 42566 |
10.86 |
| 2026-10-04 12:00 |
08:40:00.15 |
+14:18:03.4 |
HIP 42566 |
9.97 |
| 2026-10-05 00:00 |
08:40:05.12 |
+14:17:34.1 |
HIP 42566 |
9.19 |
| 2026-10-05 12:00 |
08:40:10.03 |
+14:17:04.9 |
HIP 42566 |
8.55 |
| 2026-10-06 00:00 |
08:40:14.88 |
+14:16:35.9 |
HIP 42566 |
8.07 |
| 2026-10-06 12:00 |
08:40:19.68 |
+14:16:07.1 |
HIP 42566 |
7.77 |
| 2026-10-07 00:00 |
08:40:24.42 |
+14:15:38.4 |
HIP 42566 |
7.68 |
| 2026-10-07 12:00 |
08:40:29.10 |
+14:15:10.0 |
HIP 42566 |
7.78 |
| 2026-10-08 00:00 |
08:40:33.72 |
+14:14:41.7 |
HIP 42566 |
8.07 |
| 2026-10-08 12:00 |
08:40:38.29 |
+14:14:13.5 |
HIP 42566 |
8.52 |
| 2026-10-09 00:00 |
08:40:42.79 |
+14:13:45.6 |
HIP 42566 |
9.11 |
| 2026-10-09 12:00 |
08:40:47.24 |
+14:13:17.9 |
HIP 42566 |
9.79 |
| 2026-10-10 00:00 |
08:40:51.63 |
+14:12:50.3 |
HIP 42566 |
10.56 |
| 2026-10-10 12:00 |
08:40:55.96 |
+14:12:22.9 |
HIP 42566 |
11.38 |
| 2026-10-11 00:00 |
08:41:00.23 |
+14:11:55.7 |
HIP 42566 |
12.24 |