P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 0.999 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 9.998 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-01 00:00 | 07:47:45.91 | +16:03:09.9 | HIP 38026 | 21.01 |
| 2026-06-01 12:00 | 07:47:57.16 | +16:02:50.2 | HIP 38026 | 21.21 |
| 2026-06-02 00:00 | 07:48:08.47 | +16:02:30.3 | HIP 38026 | 21.76 |
| 2026-06-02 12:00 | 07:48:19.83 | +16:02:10.0 | HIP 38026 | 22.63 |
| 2026-06-03 00:00 | 07:48:31.25 | +16:01:49.5 | HIP 38026 | 23.80 |
| 2026-06-03 12:00 | 07:48:42.73 | +16:01:28.7 | HIP 38026 | 25.22 |
| 2026-06-04 00:00 | 07:48:54.26 | +16:01:07.6 | HIP 38284 | 25.20 |
| 2026-06-04 12:00 | 07:49:05.86 | +16:00:46.1 | HIP 38284 | 22.39 |
| 2026-06-05 00:00 | 07:49:17.50 | +16:00:24.4 | HIP 38284 | 19.57 |
| 2026-06-05 12:00 | 07:49:29.20 | +16:00:02.4 | HIP 38284 | 16.74 |
| 2026-06-06 00:00 | 07:49:40.96 | +15:59:40.1 | HIP 38284 | 13.89 |
| 2026-06-06 12:00 | 07:49:52.77 | +15:59:17.5 | HIP 38284 | 11.03 |
| 2026-06-07 00:00 | 07:50:04.63 | +15:58:54.7 | HIP 38284 | 8.15 |
| 2026-06-07 12:00 | 07:50:16.55 | +15:58:31.5 | HIP 38284 | 5.26 |
| 2026-06-08 00:00 | 07:50:28.52 | +15:58:08.0 | HIP 38284 | 2.37 |
| 2026-06-08 12:00 | 07:50:40.54 | +15:57:44.3 | HIP 38288 | 0.47 |
| 2026-06-09 00:00 | 07:50:52.61 | +15:57:20.2 | HIP 38288 | 3.01 |
| 2026-06-09 12:00 | 07:51:04.74 | +15:56:55.9 | HIP 38288 | 5.94 |
| 2026-06-10 00:00 | 07:51:16.91 | +15:56:31.2 | HIP 38288 | 8.89 |
| 2026-06-10 12:00 | 07:51:29.13 | +15:56:06.3 | HIP 38288 | 11.85 |
| 2026-06-11 00:00 | 07:51:41.41 | +15:55:41.1 | HIP 38288 | 14.83 |
| 2026-06-11 12:00 | 07:51:53.73 | +15:55:15.6 | HIP 38288 | 17.82 |
| 2026-06-12 00:00 | 07:52:06.10 | +15:54:49.8 | HIP 38288 | 20.82 |
| 2026-06-12 12:00 | 07:52:18.52 | +15:54:23.7 | HIP 38519 | 18.26 |
| 2026-06-13 00:00 | 07:52:30.98 | +15:53:57.4 | HIP 38519 | 15.70 |
| 2026-06-13 12:00 | 07:52:43.49 | +15:53:30.7 | HIP 38519 | 13.33 |
| 2026-06-14 00:00 | 07:52:56.05 | +15:53:03.8 | HIP 38519 | 11.28 |
| 2026-06-14 12:00 | 07:53:08.65 | +15:52:36.5 | HIP 38519 | 9.75 |
| 2026-06-15 00:00 | 07:53:21.30 | +15:52:09.0 | HIP 38519 | 9.04 |
| 2026-06-15 12:00 | 07:53:33.99 | +15:51:41.2 | HIP 38519 | 9.35 |
| 2026-06-16 00:00 | 07:53:46.72 | +15:51:13.1 | HIP 38519 | 10.59 |
| 2026-06-16 12:00 | 07:53:59.50 | +15:50:44.8 | HIP 38578 | 11.44 |
| 2026-06-17 00:00 | 07:54:12.32 | +15:50:16.1 | HIP 38578 | 12.42 |
| 2026-06-17 12:00 | 07:54:25.18 | +15:49:47.2 | HIP 38578 | 14.05 |
| 2026-06-18 00:00 | 07:54:38.08 | +15:49:18.0 | HIP 38578 | 16.14 |
| 2026-06-18 12:00 | 07:54:51.02 | +15:48:48.5 | HIP 38578 | 18.53 |
| 2026-06-19 00:00 | 07:55:04.00 | +15:48:18.8 | HIP 38578 | 21.14 |
| 2026-06-19 12:00 | 07:55:17.02 | +15:47:48.7 | HIP 38638 | 23.27 |
| 2026-06-20 00:00 | 07:55:30.08 | +15:47:18.4 | HIP 38848 | 21.50 |
| 2026-06-20 12:00 | 07:55:43.18 | +15:46:47.8 | HIP 38848 | 18.36 |
| 2026-06-21 00:00 | 07:55:56.31 | +15:46:17.0 | HIP 38848 | 15.24 |
| 2026-06-21 12:00 | 07:56:09.48 | +15:45:45.8 | HIP 38848 | 12.14 |
| 2026-06-22 00:00 | 07:56:22.68 | +15:45:14.4 | HIP 38848 | 9.12 |