P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 0.999 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 9.998 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-07-29 00:00 | 08:13:41.34 | +14:55:16.4 | HIP 40420 | 22.13 |
| 2026-07-29 12:00 | 08:13:55.68 | +14:54:28.0 | HIP 40420 | 19.20 |
| 2026-07-30 00:00 | 08:14:10.02 | +14:53:39.5 | HIP 40420 | 16.53 |
| 2026-07-30 12:00 | 08:14:24.35 | +14:52:50.8 | HIP 40420 | 14.25 |
| 2026-07-31 00:00 | 08:14:38.68 | +14:52:02.0 | HIP 40420 | 12.58 |
| 2026-07-31 12:00 | 08:14:52.99 | +14:51:13.0 | HIP 40420 | 11.78 |
| 2026-08-01 00:00 | 08:15:07.30 | +14:50:23.8 | HIP 40420 | 12.03 |
| 2026-08-01 12:00 | 08:15:21.60 | +14:49:34.5 | HIP 40420 | 13.26 |
| 2026-08-02 00:00 | 08:15:35.90 | +14:48:45.0 | HIP 40420 | 15.24 |
| 2026-08-02 12:00 | 08:15:50.18 | +14:47:55.3 | HIP 40420 | 17.72 |
| 2026-08-03 00:00 | 08:16:04.46 | +14:47:05.5 | HIP 40420 | 20.52 |
| 2026-08-03 12:00 | 08:16:18.72 | +14:46:15.6 | HIP 40525 | 21.72 |
| 2026-08-04 00:00 | 08:16:32.98 | +14:45:25.5 | HIP 40525 | 20.73 |
| 2026-08-04 12:00 | 08:16:47.22 | +14:44:35.2 | HIP 40525 | 20.31 |
| 2026-08-05 00:00 | 08:17:01.45 | +14:43:44.8 | HIP 40525 | 20.51 |
| 2026-08-05 12:00 | 08:17:15.67 | +14:42:54.3 | HIP 40525 | 21.30 |
| 2026-08-06 00:00 | 08:17:29.88 | +14:42:03.6 | HIP 40525 | 22.61 |
| 2026-08-06 12:00 | 08:17:44.07 | +14:41:12.7 | HIP 40525 | 24.37 |
| 2026-08-07 00:00 | 08:17:58.25 | +14:40:21.8 | HIP 40719 | 26.13 |
| 2026-08-07 12:00 | 08:18:12.41 | +14:39:30.6 | HIP 40719 | 24.10 |
| 2026-08-08 00:00 | 08:18:26.56 | +14:38:39.4 | HIP 40719 | 22.44 |
| 2026-08-08 12:00 | 08:18:40.70 | +14:37:48.0 | HIP 40719 | 21.25 |
| 2026-08-09 00:00 | 08:18:54.82 | +14:36:56.5 | HIP 40719 | 20.59 |
| 2026-08-09 12:00 | 08:19:08.92 | +14:36:04.8 | HIP 40719 | 20.52 |
| 2026-08-10 00:00 | 08:19:23.00 | +14:35:13.0 | HIP 40719 | 21.05 |
| 2026-08-10 12:00 | 08:19:37.07 | +14:34:21.1 | HIP 40719 | 22.12 |
| 2026-08-11 00:00 | 08:19:51.12 | +14:33:29.1 | HIP 40761 | 23.32 |
| 2026-08-11 12:00 | 08:20:05.15 | +14:32:37.0 | HIP 40761 | 24.10 |
| 2026-08-12 00:00 | 08:20:19.16 | +14:31:44.7 | HIP 40982 | 25.01 |
| 2026-08-12 12:00 | 08:20:33.15 | +14:30:52.3 | HIP 40982 | 21.67 |
| 2026-08-13 00:00 | 08:20:47.11 | +14:29:59.8 | HIP 40982 | 18.38 |
| 2026-08-13 12:00 | 08:21:01.06 | +14:29:07.2 | HIP 40982 | 15.19 |
| 2026-08-14 00:00 | 08:21:14.98 | +14:28:14.5 | HIP 40982 | 12.17 |
| 2026-08-14 12:00 | 08:21:28.89 | +14:27:21.7 | HIP 40982 | 9.47 |
| 2026-08-15 00:00 | 08:21:42.76 | +14:26:28.8 | HIP 40982 | 7.45 |
| 2026-08-15 12:00 | 08:21:56.62 | +14:25:35.8 | HIP 40982 | 6.74 |
| 2026-08-16 00:00 | 08:22:10.44 | +14:24:42.6 | HIP 40982 | 7.70 |
| 2026-08-16 12:00 | 08:22:24.25 | +14:23:49.4 | HIP 40982 | 9.85 |
| 2026-08-17 00:00 | 08:22:38.03 | +14:22:56.1 | HIP 40982 | 12.59 |
| 2026-08-17 12:00 | 08:22:51.78 | +14:22:02.7 | HIP 40982 | 15.61 |
| 2026-08-18 00:00 | 08:23:05.50 | +14:21:09.3 | HIP 40982 | 18.77 |
| 2026-08-18 12:00 | 08:23:19.20 | +14:20:15.7 | HIP 41197 | 20.55 |
| 2026-08-19 00:00 | 08:23:32.87 | +14:19:22.0 | HIP 41197 | 17.51 |