P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 0.999 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 9.998 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-09-20 00:00 | 08:36:44.88 | +13:21:12.4 | HIP 42195 | 26.12 |
| 2026-09-20 12:00 | 08:36:55.55 | +13:20:19.1 | HIP 42195 | 27.82 |
| 2026-09-21 00:00 | 08:37:06.16 | +13:19:25.8 | HIP 42195 | 29.68 |
| 2026-09-21 12:00 | 08:37:16.71 | +13:18:32.6 | HIP 42373 | 27.72 |
| 2026-09-22 00:00 | 08:37:27.19 | +13:17:39.5 | HIP 42373 | 25.56 |
| 2026-09-22 12:00 | 08:37:37.60 | +13:16:46.6 | HIP 42373 | 23.52 |
| 2026-09-23 00:00 | 08:37:47.95 | +13:15:53.8 | HIP 42373 | 21.64 |
| 2026-09-23 12:00 | 08:37:58.23 | +13:15:01.0 | HIP 42373 | 19.94 |
| 2026-09-24 00:00 | 08:38:08.45 | +13:14:08.4 | HIP 42373 | 18.47 |
| 2026-09-24 12:00 | 08:38:18.59 | +13:13:16.0 | HIP 42373 | 17.28 |
| 2026-09-25 00:00 | 08:38:28.66 | +13:12:23.6 | HIP 42373 | 16.43 |
| 2026-09-25 12:00 | 08:38:38.67 | +13:11:31.4 | HIP 42373 | 15.96 |
| 2026-09-26 00:00 | 08:38:48.61 | +13:10:39.3 | HIP 42446 | 14.61 |
| 2026-09-26 12:00 | 08:38:58.47 | +13:09:47.4 | HIP 42446 | 12.87 |
| 2026-09-27 00:00 | 08:39:08.27 | +13:08:55.5 | HIP 42446 | 11.44 |
| 2026-09-27 12:00 | 08:39:17.99 | +13:08:03.9 | HIP 42446 | 10.44 |
| 2026-09-28 00:00 | 08:39:27.64 | +13:07:12.3 | HIP 42446 | 9.99 |
| 2026-09-28 12:00 | 08:39:37.22 | +13:06:21.0 | HIP 42446 | 10.15 |
| 2026-09-29 00:00 | 08:39:46.73 | +13:05:29.7 | HIP 42446 | 10.88 |
| 2026-09-29 12:00 | 08:39:56.16 | +13:04:38.7 | HIP 42446 | 12.06 |
| 2026-09-30 00:00 | 08:40:05.52 | +13:03:47.7 | HIP 42446 | 13.57 |
| 2026-09-30 12:00 | 08:40:14.81 | +13:02:57.0 | HIP 42446 | 15.31 |
| 2026-10-01 00:00 | 08:40:24.02 | +13:02:06.4 | HIP 42630 | 16.20 |
| 2026-10-01 12:00 | 08:40:33.15 | +13:01:16.0 | HIP 42630 | 15.10 |
| 2026-10-02 00:00 | 08:40:42.21 | +13:00:25.7 | HIP 42630 | 14.31 |
| 2026-10-02 12:00 | 08:40:51.19 | +12:59:35.6 | HIP 42630 | 13.89 |
| 2026-10-03 00:00 | 08:41:00.09 | +12:58:45.7 | HIP 42630 | 13.86 |
| 2026-10-03 12:00 | 08:41:08.92 | +12:57:56.0 | HIP 42630 | 14.22 |
| 2026-10-04 00:00 | 08:41:17.67 | +12:57:06.4 | HIP 42630 | 14.92 |
| 2026-10-04 12:00 | 08:41:26.33 | +12:56:17.1 | HIP 42630 | 15.92 |
| 2026-10-05 00:00 | 08:41:34.92 | +12:55:27.9 | HIP 42630 | 17.15 |
| 2026-10-05 12:00 | 08:41:43.43 | +12:54:38.9 | HIP 42630 | 18.56 |
| 2026-10-06 00:00 | 08:41:51.85 | +12:53:50.2 | HIP 42630 | 20.11 |
| 2026-10-06 12:00 | 08:42:00.20 | +12:53:01.6 | HIP 42795 | 21.39 |
| 2026-10-07 00:00 | 08:42:08.46 | +12:52:13.3 | HIP 42795 | 19.28 |
| 2026-10-07 12:00 | 08:42:16.64 | +12:51:25.1 | HIP 42795 | 17.21 |
| 2026-10-08 00:00 | 08:42:24.73 | +12:50:37.2 | HIP 42795 | 15.17 |
| 2026-10-08 12:00 | 08:42:32.75 | +12:49:49.4 | HIP 42795 | 13.18 |
| 2026-10-09 00:00 | 08:42:40.67 | +12:49:02.0 | HIP 42795 | 11.25 |
| 2026-10-09 12:00 | 08:42:48.51 | +12:48:14.7 | HIP 42795 | 9.40 |
| 2026-10-10 00:00 | 08:42:56.27 | +12:47:27.6 | HIP 42795 | 7.68 |
| 2026-10-10 12:00 | 08:43:03.94 | +12:46:40.8 | HIP 42795 | 6.18 |
| 2026-10-11 00:00 | 08:43:11.52 | +12:45:54.3 | HIP 42795 | 5.06 |