| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 E2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2016-02-06T16:22:22.641600Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2022-06-07T21:44:07Z |
| Obs used |
108 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
20.700 |
| K1 |
4.750 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2016-03-19.0000000 |
| e |
1.00022643 |
| q (au) |
1.075383 |
| a (au) |
-4749.316616 |
| i (deg) |
135.997156 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
186.665157 |
| ω (w, deg) |
321.971509 |
| M (ma, deg) |
0.000124 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (19.818 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
19.818 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.500 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-06-01 00:00 |
03:02:27.67 |
+55:19:28.0 |
HIP 14226 |
9.17 |
| 2026-06-01 12:00 |
03:02:34.24 |
+55:19:54.4 |
HIP 14226 |
8.14 |
| 2026-06-02 00:00 |
03:02:40.78 |
+55:20:20.9 |
HIP 14226 |
7.11 |
| 2026-06-02 12:00 |
03:02:47.30 |
+55:20:47.7 |
HIP 14226 |
6.08 |
| 2026-06-03 00:00 |
03:02:53.80 |
+55:21:14.7 |
HIP 14226 |
5.05 |
| 2026-06-03 12:00 |
03:03:00.28 |
+55:21:42.0 |
HIP 14226 |
4.02 |
| 2026-06-04 00:00 |
03:03:06.73 |
+55:22:09.6 |
HIP 14226 |
3.00 |
| 2026-06-04 12:00 |
03:03:13.16 |
+55:22:37.3 |
HIP 14226 |
1.98 |
| 2026-06-05 00:00 |
03:03:19.56 |
+55:23:05.3 |
HIP 14226 |
0.97 |
| 2026-06-05 12:00 |
03:03:25.94 |
+55:23:33.6 |
HIP 14226 |
0.22 |
| 2026-06-06 00:00 |
03:03:32.29 |
+55:24:02.0 |
HIP 14226 |
1.11 |
| 2026-06-06 12:00 |
03:03:38.62 |
+55:24:30.8 |
HIP 14226 |
2.12 |
| 2026-06-07 00:00 |
03:03:44.92 |
+55:24:59.7 |
HIP 14226 |
3.14 |
| 2026-06-07 12:00 |
03:03:51.20 |
+55:25:28.9 |
HIP 14226 |
4.15 |
| 2026-06-08 00:00 |
03:03:57.44 |
+55:25:58.3 |
HIP 14226 |
5.16 |
| 2026-06-08 12:00 |
03:04:03.66 |
+55:26:27.9 |
HIP 14226 |
6.17 |
| 2026-06-09 00:00 |
03:04:09.86 |
+55:26:57.7 |
HIP 14226 |
7.18 |
| 2026-06-09 12:00 |
03:04:16.02 |
+55:27:27.8 |
HIP 14226 |
8.19 |
| 2026-06-10 00:00 |
03:04:22.16 |
+55:27:58.1 |
HIP 14226 |
9.19 |
| 2026-06-10 12:00 |
03:04:28.26 |
+55:28:28.6 |
HIP 14226 |
10.20 |
| 2026-06-11 00:00 |
03:04:34.34 |
+55:28:59.4 |
HIP 14226 |
11.20 |
| 2026-06-11 12:00 |
03:04:40.38 |
+55:29:30.3 |
HIP 14226 |
12.20 |
| 2026-06-12 00:00 |
03:04:46.40 |
+55:30:01.5 |
HIP 14226 |
13.20 |
| 2026-06-12 12:00 |
03:04:52.39 |
+55:30:32.9 |
HIP 14226 |
14.19 |
| 2026-06-13 00:00 |
03:04:58.34 |
+55:31:04.4 |
HIP 14226 |
15.19 |
| 2026-06-13 12:00 |
03:05:04.26 |
+55:31:36.2 |
HIP 14226 |
16.18 |
| 2026-06-14 00:00 |
03:05:10.15 |
+55:32:08.2 |
HIP 14226 |
17.17 |
| 2026-06-14 12:00 |
03:05:16.01 |
+55:32:40.4 |
HIP 14226 |
18.15 |
| 2026-06-15 00:00 |
03:05:21.83 |
+55:33:12.9 |
HIP 14226 |
19.14 |
| 2026-06-15 12:00 |
03:05:27.62 |
+55:33:45.5 |
HIP 14226 |
20.12 |
| 2026-06-16 00:00 |
03:05:33.38 |
+55:34:18.3 |
HIP 14226 |
21.10 |
| 2026-06-16 12:00 |
03:05:39.10 |
+55:34:51.3 |
HIP 14581 |
22.07 |
| 2026-06-17 00:00 |
03:05:44.79 |
+55:35:24.5 |
HIP 14581 |
21.20 |
| 2026-06-17 12:00 |
03:05:50.44 |
+55:35:57.8 |
HIP 14581 |
20.34 |
| 2026-06-18 00:00 |
03:05:56.05 |
+55:36:31.4 |
HIP 14581 |
19.49 |
| 2026-06-18 12:00 |
03:06:01.63 |
+55:37:05.2 |
HIP 14581 |
18.67 |
| 2026-06-19 00:00 |
03:06:07.17 |
+55:37:39.1 |
HIP 14581 |
17.87 |
| 2026-06-19 12:00 |
03:06:12.68 |
+55:38:13.2 |
HIP 14581 |
17.08 |
| 2026-06-20 00:00 |
03:06:18.15 |
+55:38:47.5 |
HIP 14581 |
16.33 |
| 2026-06-20 12:00 |
03:06:23.58 |
+55:39:22.0 |
HIP 14581 |
15.60 |
| 2026-06-21 00:00 |
03:06:28.97 |
+55:39:56.6 |
HIP 14581 |
14.90 |
| 2026-06-21 12:00 |
03:06:34.33 |
+55:40:31.5 |
HIP 14581 |
14.24 |
| 2026-06-22 00:00 |
03:06:39.64 |
+55:41:06.5 |
HIP 14581 |
13.62 |