| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 E2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2016-02-06T16:22:22.641600Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2022-06-07T21:44:07Z |
| Obs used |
108 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
20.700 |
| K1 |
4.750 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2016-03-19.0000000 |
| e |
1.00022643 |
| q (au) |
1.075383 |
| a (au) |
-4749.316616 |
| i (deg) |
135.997156 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
186.665157 |
| ω (w, deg) |
321.971509 |
| M (ma, deg) |
0.000124 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (19.818 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
19.818 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.500 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-09-20 00:00 |
03:07:27.90 |
+57:30:56.6 |
HIP 14641 |
18.96 |
| 2026-09-20 12:00 |
03:07:22.38 |
+57:31:19.1 |
HIP 14641 |
19.76 |
| 2026-09-21 00:00 |
03:07:16.81 |
+57:31:41.2 |
HIP 14434 |
20.57 |
| 2026-09-21 12:00 |
03:07:11.18 |
+57:32:03.0 |
HIP 14434 |
19.95 |
| 2026-09-22 00:00 |
03:07:05.49 |
+57:32:24.4 |
HIP 14434 |
19.35 |
| 2026-09-22 12:00 |
03:06:59.75 |
+57:32:45.5 |
HIP 14434 |
18.77 |
| 2026-09-23 00:00 |
03:06:53.95 |
+57:33:06.3 |
HIP 14434 |
18.22 |
| 2026-09-23 12:00 |
03:06:48.09 |
+57:33:26.7 |
HIP 14434 |
17.70 |
| 2026-09-24 00:00 |
03:06:42.17 |
+57:33:46.7 |
HIP 14308 |
17.19 |
| 2026-09-24 12:00 |
03:06:36.20 |
+57:34:06.4 |
HIP 14308 |
16.36 |
| 2026-09-25 00:00 |
03:06:30.18 |
+57:34:25.8 |
HIP 14308 |
15.53 |
| 2026-09-25 12:00 |
03:06:24.10 |
+57:34:44.7 |
HIP 14308 |
14.70 |
| 2026-09-26 00:00 |
03:06:17.96 |
+57:35:03.4 |
HIP 14308 |
13.86 |
| 2026-09-26 12:00 |
03:06:11.77 |
+57:35:21.6 |
HIP 14308 |
13.03 |
| 2026-09-27 00:00 |
03:06:05.53 |
+57:35:39.5 |
HIP 14308 |
12.19 |
| 2026-09-27 12:00 |
03:05:59.23 |
+57:35:57.0 |
HIP 14308 |
11.36 |
| 2026-09-28 00:00 |
03:05:52.88 |
+57:36:14.2 |
HIP 14308 |
10.52 |
| 2026-09-28 12:00 |
03:05:46.48 |
+57:36:31.0 |
HIP 14308 |
9.70 |
| 2026-09-29 00:00 |
03:05:40.03 |
+57:36:47.4 |
HIP 14308 |
8.87 |
| 2026-09-29 12:00 |
03:05:33.52 |
+57:37:03.4 |
HIP 14308 |
8.06 |
| 2026-09-30 00:00 |
03:05:26.96 |
+57:37:19.1 |
HIP 14308 |
7.27 |
| 2026-09-30 12:00 |
03:05:20.36 |
+57:37:34.3 |
HIP 14308 |
6.49 |
| 2026-10-01 00:00 |
03:05:13.70 |
+57:37:49.2 |
HIP 14308 |
5.76 |
| 2026-10-01 12:00 |
03:05:06.99 |
+57:38:03.7 |
HIP 14308 |
5.07 |
| 2026-10-02 00:00 |
03:05:00.23 |
+57:38:17.8 |
HIP 14308 |
4.47 |
| 2026-10-02 12:00 |
03:04:53.43 |
+57:38:31.6 |
HIP 14308 |
3.99 |
| 2026-10-03 00:00 |
03:04:46.57 |
+57:38:44.9 |
HIP 14308 |
3.68 |
| 2026-10-03 12:00 |
03:04:39.67 |
+57:38:57.8 |
HIP 14308 |
3.59 |
| 2026-10-04 00:00 |
03:04:32.72 |
+57:39:10.4 |
HIP 14308 |
3.74 |
| 2026-10-04 12:00 |
03:04:25.72 |
+57:39:22.5 |
HIP 14308 |
4.11 |
| 2026-10-05 00:00 |
03:04:18.67 |
+57:39:34.3 |
HIP 14308 |
4.65 |
| 2026-10-05 12:00 |
03:04:11.58 |
+57:39:45.6 |
HIP 14308 |
5.30 |
| 2026-10-06 00:00 |
03:04:04.45 |
+57:39:56.5 |
HIP 14308 |
6.04 |
| 2026-10-06 12:00 |
03:03:57.26 |
+57:40:07.1 |
HIP 14308 |
6.84 |
| 2026-10-07 00:00 |
03:03:50.04 |
+57:40:17.2 |
HIP 14308 |
7.68 |
| 2026-10-07 12:00 |
03:03:42.77 |
+57:40:26.9 |
HIP 14308 |
8.55 |
| 2026-10-08 00:00 |
03:03:35.46 |
+57:40:36.2 |
HIP 14166 |
8.60 |
| 2026-10-08 12:00 |
03:03:28.10 |
+57:40:45.0 |
HIP 14166 |
7.81 |
| 2026-10-09 00:00 |
03:03:20.70 |
+57:40:53.5 |
HIP 14166 |
7.06 |
| 2026-10-09 12:00 |
03:03:13.26 |
+57:41:01.5 |
HIP 14166 |
6.37 |
| 2026-10-10 00:00 |
03:03:05.78 |
+57:41:09.1 |
HIP 14166 |
5.76 |
| 2026-10-10 12:00 |
03:02:58.26 |
+57:41:16.3 |
HIP 14166 |
5.26 |
| 2026-10-11 00:00 |
03:02:50.70 |
+57:41:23.1 |
HIP 14166 |
4.92 |