| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 E2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2016-02-06T16:22:22.641600Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2022-06-07T21:44:07Z |
| Obs used |
108 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
20.700 |
| K1 |
4.750 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2016-03-19.0000000 |
| e |
1.00022643 |
| q (au) |
1.075383 |
| a (au) |
-4749.316616 |
| i (deg) |
135.997156 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
186.665157 |
| ω (w, deg) |
321.971509 |
| M (ma, deg) |
0.000124 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (19.818 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
19.818 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.500 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-07-29 00:00 |
03:11:01.55 |
+56:29:30.7 |
HIP 14730 |
16.94 |
| 2026-07-29 12:00 |
03:11:03.01 |
+56:30:11.8 |
HIP 14730 |
17.66 |
| 2026-07-30 00:00 |
03:11:04.40 |
+56:30:52.9 |
HIP 14730 |
18.36 |
| 2026-07-30 12:00 |
03:11:05.74 |
+56:31:34.0 |
HIP 14730 |
19.07 |
| 2026-07-31 00:00 |
03:11:07.01 |
+56:32:15.1 |
HIP 14730 |
19.77 |
| 2026-07-31 12:00 |
03:11:08.22 |
+56:32:56.1 |
HIP 14730 |
20.47 |
| 2026-08-01 00:00 |
03:11:09.37 |
+56:33:37.2 |
HIP 14730 |
21.16 |
| 2026-08-01 12:00 |
03:11:10.45 |
+56:34:18.2 |
HIP 14730 |
21.86 |
| 2026-08-02 00:00 |
03:11:11.47 |
+56:34:59.1 |
HIP 14730 |
22.54 |
| 2026-08-02 12:00 |
03:11:12.43 |
+56:35:40.1 |
HIP 14730 |
23.23 |
| 2026-08-03 00:00 |
03:11:13.32 |
+56:36:20.9 |
HIP 14730 |
23.91 |
| 2026-08-03 12:00 |
03:11:14.15 |
+56:37:01.8 |
HIP 14730 |
24.59 |
| 2026-08-04 00:00 |
03:11:14.91 |
+56:37:42.6 |
HIP 14730 |
25.27 |
| 2026-08-04 12:00 |
03:11:15.61 |
+56:38:23.3 |
HIP 14730 |
25.94 |
| 2026-08-05 00:00 |
03:11:16.25 |
+56:39:04.0 |
HIP 14730 |
26.61 |
| 2026-08-05 12:00 |
03:11:16.82 |
+56:39:44.7 |
HIP 14730 |
27.28 |
| 2026-08-06 00:00 |
03:11:17.33 |
+56:40:25.3 |
HIP 14730 |
27.95 |
| 2026-08-06 12:00 |
03:11:17.77 |
+56:41:05.8 |
HIP 14730 |
28.61 |
| 2026-08-07 00:00 |
03:11:18.14 |
+56:41:46.3 |
HIP 14730 |
29.27 |
| 2026-08-07 12:00 |
03:11:18.45 |
+56:42:26.7 |
HIP 14592 |
29.91 |
| 2026-08-08 00:00 |
03:11:18.70 |
+56:43:07.1 |
HIP 14592 |
29.52 |
| 2026-08-08 12:00 |
03:11:18.87 |
+56:43:47.3 |
HIP 14592 |
29.14 |
| 2026-08-09 00:00 |
03:11:18.98 |
+56:44:27.5 |
HIP 14592 |
28.77 |
| 2026-08-09 12:00 |
03:11:19.03 |
+56:45:07.7 |
HIP 14592 |
28.40 |
| 2026-08-10 00:00 |
03:11:19.01 |
+56:45:47.7 |
HIP 14592 |
28.03 |
| 2026-08-10 12:00 |
03:11:18.92 |
+56:46:27.7 |
HIP 14592 |
27.66 |
| 2026-08-11 00:00 |
03:11:18.76 |
+56:47:07.5 |
HIP 14592 |
27.30 |
| 2026-08-11 12:00 |
03:11:18.54 |
+56:47:47.3 |
HIP 14592 |
26.95 |
| 2026-08-12 00:00 |
03:11:18.25 |
+56:48:27.0 |
HIP 14592 |
26.60 |
| 2026-08-12 12:00 |
03:11:17.89 |
+56:49:06.6 |
HIP 14592 |
26.25 |
| 2026-08-13 00:00 |
03:11:17.47 |
+56:49:46.1 |
HIP 14592 |
25.91 |
| 2026-08-13 12:00 |
03:11:16.98 |
+56:50:25.4 |
HIP 14592 |
25.57 |
| 2026-08-14 00:00 |
03:11:16.42 |
+56:51:04.7 |
HIP 14592 |
25.24 |
| 2026-08-14 12:00 |
03:11:15.79 |
+56:51:43.9 |
HIP 14592 |
24.91 |
| 2026-08-15 00:00 |
03:11:15.09 |
+56:52:22.9 |
HIP 14592 |
24.59 |
| 2026-08-15 12:00 |
03:11:14.33 |
+56:53:01.9 |
HIP 14592 |
24.28 |
| 2026-08-16 00:00 |
03:11:13.50 |
+56:53:40.7 |
HIP 14592 |
23.96 |
| 2026-08-16 12:00 |
03:11:12.60 |
+56:54:19.4 |
HIP 14592 |
23.66 |
| 2026-08-17 00:00 |
03:11:11.63 |
+56:54:57.9 |
HIP 14592 |
23.36 |
| 2026-08-17 12:00 |
03:11:10.59 |
+56:55:36.4 |
HIP 14592 |
23.07 |
| 2026-08-18 00:00 |
03:11:09.49 |
+56:56:14.7 |
HIP 14592 |
22.78 |
| 2026-08-18 12:00 |
03:11:08.32 |
+56:56:52.8 |
HIP 14592 |
22.50 |
| 2026-08-19 00:00 |
03:11:07.07 |
+56:57:30.8 |
HIP 14592 |
22.23 |