| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
440P/Kobayashi |
| Type |
P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2022-03-26T11:34:50.255040Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2024-07-07T00:42:22Z |
| Obs used |
829 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
7.400 |
| K1 |
32.250 |
| PC |
0.030 |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2014-11-01.0000000 |
| e |
0.76109197 |
| q (au) |
2.046559 |
| a (au) |
8.566304 |
| i (deg) |
12.379964 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
329.032199 |
| ω (w, deg) |
183.293142 |
| M (ma, deg) |
253.762760 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (12.175 + 6.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
12.175 |
| n |
6.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.500 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) |
End (UTC) |
a |
b |
| 2021-12-08 |
2022-03-26 |
+29.4009 |
-9.339 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-09-25 00:00 |
19:59:52.81 |
-26:40:06.3 |
HIP 98521 |
30.09 |
| 2026-09-25 12:00 |
19:59:49.77 |
-26:39:51.2 |
HIP 98521 |
30.19 |
| 2026-09-26 00:00 |
19:59:46.84 |
-26:39:35.7 |
HIP 98353 |
29.98 |
| 2026-09-26 12:00 |
19:59:44.01 |
-26:39:19.9 |
HIP 98353 |
29.51 |
| 2026-09-27 00:00 |
19:59:41.29 |
-26:39:03.8 |
HIP 98353 |
29.04 |
| 2026-09-27 12:00 |
19:59:38.68 |
-26:38:47.4 |
HIP 98353 |
28.59 |
| 2026-09-28 00:00 |
19:59:36.17 |
-26:38:30.7 |
HIP 98353 |
28.15 |
| 2026-09-28 12:00 |
19:59:33.77 |
-26:38:13.7 |
HIP 98353 |
27.72 |
| 2026-09-29 00:00 |
19:59:31.47 |
-26:37:56.4 |
HIP 98353 |
27.29 |
| 2026-09-29 12:00 |
19:59:29.28 |
-26:37:38.8 |
HIP 98353 |
26.88 |
| 2026-09-30 00:00 |
19:59:27.20 |
-26:37:20.9 |
HIP 98353 |
26.47 |
| 2026-09-30 12:00 |
19:59:25.22 |
-26:37:02.7 |
HIP 98353 |
26.06 |
| 2026-10-01 00:00 |
19:59:23.35 |
-26:36:44.2 |
HIP 98353 |
25.66 |
| 2026-10-01 12:00 |
19:59:21.59 |
-26:36:25.3 |
HIP 98353 |
25.27 |
| 2026-10-02 00:00 |
19:59:19.94 |
-26:36:06.2 |
HIP 98353 |
24.88 |
| 2026-10-02 12:00 |
19:59:18.39 |
-26:35:46.8 |
HIP 98353 |
24.50 |
| 2026-10-03 00:00 |
19:59:16.95 |
-26:35:27.1 |
HIP 98353 |
24.11 |
| 2026-10-03 12:00 |
19:59:15.62 |
-26:35:07.1 |
HIP 98353 |
23.73 |
| 2026-10-04 00:00 |
19:59:14.39 |
-26:34:46.8 |
HIP 98353 |
23.35 |
| 2026-10-04 12:00 |
19:59:13.27 |
-26:34:26.3 |
HIP 98353 |
22.97 |
| 2026-10-05 00:00 |
19:59:12.26 |
-26:34:05.4 |
HIP 98353 |
22.59 |
| 2026-10-05 12:00 |
19:59:11.35 |
-26:33:44.2 |
HIP 98353 |
22.22 |
| 2026-10-06 00:00 |
19:59:10.56 |
-26:33:22.8 |
HIP 98353 |
21.84 |
| 2026-10-06 12:00 |
19:59:09.87 |
-26:33:01.1 |
HIP 98353 |
21.46 |
| 2026-10-07 00:00 |
19:59:09.29 |
-26:32:39.1 |
HIP 98353 |
21.08 |
| 2026-10-07 12:00 |
19:59:08.81 |
-26:32:16.8 |
HIP 98353 |
20.70 |
| 2026-10-08 00:00 |
19:59:08.45 |
-26:31:54.2 |
HIP 98353 |
20.31 |
| 2026-10-08 12:00 |
19:59:08.19 |
-26:31:31.4 |
HIP 98353 |
19.93 |
| 2026-10-09 00:00 |
19:59:08.04 |
-26:31:08.2 |
HIP 98353 |
19.54 |
| 2026-10-09 12:00 |
19:59:08.00 |
-26:30:44.8 |
HIP 98353 |
19.15 |
| 2026-10-10 00:00 |
19:59:08.06 |
-26:30:21.2 |
HIP 98353 |
18.76 |
| 2026-10-10 12:00 |
19:59:08.23 |
-26:29:57.2 |
HIP 98353 |
18.37 |
| 2026-10-11 00:00 |
19:59:08.51 |
-26:29:33.0 |
HIP 98353 |
17.98 |
| 2026-10-11 12:00 |
19:59:08.89 |
-26:29:08.5 |
HIP 98353 |
17.59 |
| 2026-10-12 00:00 |
19:59:09.39 |
-26:28:43.7 |
HIP 98353 |
17.20 |
| 2026-10-12 12:00 |
19:59:09.99 |
-26:28:18.7 |
HIP 98353 |
16.81 |
| 2026-10-13 00:00 |
19:59:10.69 |
-26:27:53.4 |
HIP 98353 |
16.42 |
| 2026-10-13 12:00 |
19:59:11.50 |
-26:27:27.8 |
HIP 98353 |
16.04 |
| 2026-10-14 00:00 |
19:59:12.42 |
-26:27:02.0 |
HIP 98353 |
15.66 |
| 2026-10-14 12:00 |
19:59:13.45 |
-26:26:35.9 |
HIP 98353 |
15.29 |
| 2026-10-15 00:00 |
19:59:14.58 |
-26:26:09.6 |
HIP 98353 |
14.93 |
| 2026-10-15 12:00 |
19:59:15.81 |
-26:25:43.0 |
HIP 98353 |
14.58 |
| 2026-10-16 00:00 |
19:59:17.15 |
-26:25:16.2 |
HIP 98353 |
14.24 |